Section III Reading Comprehension

　　Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C,and D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil. （15 points）

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage：

　　Working at nonstandard times－evenings,nights,or weekends－is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts,and one-third work weekends,according to Harriet B. Presser,sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships,which is likely to continue in coming decades.

　　The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender,economic level,and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical,sales,or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.

　　Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households,generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children,however,may benefit from parents'nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand,a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.

　　Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for diner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies,however,based on parent,shift,and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.

　　Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employer. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours-sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.

　　Unfortunately,says Presser,the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours,the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends,and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention, she says.

　　36.Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families？

　　A.Stress on familial relationships.    B.Rotating shifts.

　　C.Evenings,nights,or weekends.     D.Its consequences.

　　37.Which of the following is affected most by working irregular hours？

　　A.Children.            B.Marriage.

　　C.Single mothers.  D.Working women.

　　38.Who would be in favor of the practice of working nonstandard hours？

　　A.Children.        B.Parents.

　　C.Employees     D.Professional child providers.

　　39.It is implied that the consequences of nonstandard work schedules are.

　　A.emphasized        B.absent

　　C.neglected           D.prevalent

　　40.What is the author's attitude towards working irregular hours？

　　A.Positive.         B.Negative.

　　C.Indifferent.     D.Objective.