第五节 从 句
从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类:
即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。
引导从句的词称作关联句.
一、名词性从句
引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:
从属连词that, if, whether;
连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose;
连接副词where, when, why, how。
其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,
而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分.
That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?
你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)
[提示]
1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末.
It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语)
2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语
从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。
I don’t know whether (if) she is at home.
Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。
He always means what he says.
She suggested (that) he do it at once.
5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。
We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
二、定语从句
引导定语从句的关联词包括:
(1)关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as;
(2)关系副词:when, where, why。
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,
关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去。
关系代词的选用比较复杂, 它受下列条件的制约:
(1)先行词是指人还是指物;
(2)关系代词在从句中的句法功能;
(3)定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。
关系代词的选用情况见下表:
先行词在从句中的句法功能 用于限定性或非限定性定语从句 只用于限定性定语从句
指人或指物 指人 指物
主语 who which that
宾语 whom which that
定语 whose whose(of which)
I know that he is a man who (that) means what be says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy(礼貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the meterial which (that) you need.
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词, 如time, day等, 则用when; 如先行词为表示地点的名词, 如place, house, area等,则用where; 如先行词为reason, 则用why。
